Sports Coaching free essay sample

Methods: perception examination, execution profiling, wellness evaluation, objective setting, reenactment, displaying, successful exhibition, specialized guidance, creating entertainer training journals, adjusting practices to address singular issues, planning powerful practice meetings Observation Analysis The strategy perception investigation is utilized by David Moyes for his exhibitions that have as of late occurred for instance when Man United lost 4-1 to their adversaries Man City. For Moyes to do his perception he should get the video of the erformances of the people, by appearing there contrary pieces of the game which he would be incensed with on the grounds that players were not first to the ball or following back for a cover from a contrary player. He would yell at his players in a room and disclose to them that they shouldnt be playing like how they have at this degree of football. By watching the game he would have a specific agenda and tick whatever is accomplished and whatever isnt then he would guide them at a half time group talk or when the following instructional meeting is. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sports Coaching or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The chief would be experiencing his players nd mention to them what he has seen from their exhibition and will disclose to them how to not rehash a similar error that they have done. The director would likewise take a gander at the perspectives of the players and show them their responses to an objective or a missing a header and not having any desire to proceed to win the header next time, so the supervisor would need to instruct them not to surrender and to do a specific instructional meeting for their shortcoming this is additionally part of investigation since it is glancing back at an exhibition and advising the player how to improve it. Having the correct mentality for the game is an ositive in light of the fact that the director would need you to carry on your demeanor towards the game for whatever length of time that conceivable. Objective Setting The procedure objective setting is utilized by Lance Brauman who is the mentor of Tyson Gay. He would set his learner Tyson an objective to accomplish when he is running. At the point when he would be running in the 100m run warms he would need Tyson to start things out so he can accomplish his objective and afterward get a certainty help, this would make him independently increasingly sure with the race and needs him to accomplish more than his objective. When utilizing the strategy he would need to accomplish all the more so he would attempt elievable and needs to get more than he truly needs. Spear would need to intellectually get ready Tyson since he would need him to trust in himself to win what he needs. By doing this it will make Tyson progressively arranged and he should give him a particular kind of preparing that will make him increasingly physical and arranged for the following race. The physical advantages of this are you are preparing for a race and that you are needing to win, regardless of what the circumstance is and whos taking an interest, he just needs to realize that there is one victor and that will be him. The advantage of being truly arranged is that it needs you to make progress toward what you need to do the most. It is additionally connected with being intellectually arranged due to Lance; how he guides Tyson in specific zones and afterward that will make him strived for more than his objectives. Powerful Demonstration A successful showing is utilized by Andy Flower to his cricket crew which is England. This is on the grounds that he would need to tell the players the best way to play a specific shot; for instance in the event that he needed to demonstrate you to play a hurled shot into space then he sick do an exhibit like the image on the right, for this you would need to utilize certain strategies and have your back leant forward a piece, onto one knee and afterward have the right planning of the ball. This is on the grounds that he has indicated a successful show and his players would do the sort of shot when its essential. At the point when the players attempt to do the shot he will call attention to whats important and reveal to them one on one and to help with their upgrades in the game. For them to take an exhortation structure the mentor is significant in light of the fact that they should utilize it viably in a gaming circumstance.

Life and Art of Cindy Sherman, Feminist Photographer

Life and Art of Cindy Sherman, Feminist Photographer Cindy Sherman (conceived January 19, 1954) is an American picture taker and producer whose â€Å"Untitled Film Stills,† a progression of photos intended to summon a despite everything shot from an anecdotal film, propelled her to popularity. Quick Facts: Cindy Sherman Occupation: Artist and photographerBorn: January 19, 1954 in Glen Ridge, New JerseyEducation: Buffalo State CollegeKnown For: Photographs investigating subjects of woman's rights, picture, oppression, and superficialityKey Works: Untitled Film Stillsâ series (1977-1980), Centerfolds series (1981) Sherman is notable for the addition of her own picture into her photos, wearing prosthetics, ensemble, and cosmetics to change herself into the subject of her look. Frequently captivating topics of woman's rights, picture, oppression, and triviality, Sherman keeps on being looked for after as a voice of investigate in a media-based world. She is viewed as an individual from the â€Å"Pictures Generation† of American craftsmen, who came to unmistakable quality during the 1970s and 80s. Early Life and Family Cindy Sherman was conceived Cynthia Morris Sherman on January 19, 1954 in New Jersey. She experienced childhood with Long Island and was the most youthful of five kids. Since the kin nearest to her age was nine years her senior, Sherman felt like a lone kid, in some cases overlooked amidst such a large number of others in her family. Sherman has said that, because of her relational intricacy, she looked for consideration in any capacity conceivable. From an exceptionally youthful age, Sherman wore substitute personas with the help of her broad ensemble wardrome. She depicts her mom as kind-hearted and â€Å"good,† however essentially worried that her youngsters establish the correct connection (something which enticed the youthful Sherman to revolt). She has portrayed her dad as gutless and shut disapproved. Shermans family life was disturbed, and when Sherman was 15 years of age, her senior sibling ended it all. This injury had repercussions for Sherman’s individual life, and she refers to it as the explanation she cut off up in a few long haul associations she would not like to be in, accepting she could help other men where she was unable to support her sibling. She was hitched to the video craftsman Michel Auder for a long time during the 1980s and 90s, a marriage which finished in separate. Beginnings as an Artist Sherman considered workmanship at Buffalo State College. Subsequent to graduating, she moved to New York City with craftsman Robert Longo, who was a kindred workmanship understudy and Buffalo State graduate. During the 1970s, New Yorks avenues were dirty and here and there risky. Accordingly, Sherman created perspectives and clothing types that went about as methods for dealing with stress for the inconveniences she would meet on her way home-an expansion of her youth propensity for spruce up. In spite of the fact that she thought that it was upsetting and awkward, Sherman at last considered New To be as a position of reexamination. She started to appear at social events in outfit, and in the end Longo persuaded Sherman to start shooting her characters. These were the beginnings from which the Untitled Stills were conceived, the greater part of which were shot in or around the loft the two shared. From multiple points of view, the defiant soul imparted in Sherman as a youngster never left her. For instance, as her work was picking up notoriety during the 1980s, the craftsman took a turn towards the abnormal, making work that included different natural liquids spilled and spread inside the casing, as an approach to challenge the workmanship world’s view of her as marketable and suitable to â€Å"hang over a lounge area table.† During the 1990s, the National Endowment for the Arts pulled back its subsidizing from â€Å"controversial† ventures. As a demonstration of dissent against what she saw to be a type of control, Sherman started to photo silly representations of privates, utilizing plastic emergency clinic fakers and mannequins basic to clinical school homerooms. This kind of disruption keeps on characterizing Sherman’s profession. Untitled Film Stills Sherman works in arrangement of photos in which she works off a subject that tends to a social issue. Her subjects have been wide-going as aging as a lady, the enslaving impact of the male look on the female structure, and the bending impacts of internet based life on mental self view. Inside every arrangement, Sherman goes about as the model, costumer, make-up craftsman, and set architect. The â€Å"Untitled Film Stills† (1977-1980) are seemingly Sherman’s most acclaimed works. These pictures, all clearly, summon key minutes in Hollywood film. Despite the fact that the â€Å"films† from which these photos were taken don't exist, their intrigue lies in the way that they bring out states of mind played out endlessly in well known motion pictures, in this manner making the watcher sense that the person in question has seen the film previously. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/s-sXYOE-2ExlEar18tA6fyINg3A=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P11516_10-5b91675646e0fb0025911f4a.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tc8i9OU96QsP8wRrk32Bz5KMqfk=/609x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P11516_10-5b91675646e0fb0025911f4a.jpg 609w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/s-IW4RXyiFPuZm642W6ba0xwtqE=/918x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P11516_10-5b91675646e0fb0025911f4a.jpg 918w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fevQMoJft8PEfNjtv_zkao7m9a8=/1536x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P11516_10-5b91675646e0fb0025911f4a.jpg 1536w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qbIDZgUQb4EnwnZh1IVdfrI3FAY=/1536x1203/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P11516_10-5b91675646e0fb0025911f4a.jpg src=//:0 alt=Untitled Film Still #17, 1978 by Cindy Sherman class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-24 information following container=true /> Cindy Sherman, Untitled Film Still #17 (1978).  tate.org The tropes depicted by Sherman incorporate the youthful ingenue, commanded by the city, who looks off in dread at an obscure individual or article out of edge, and the untouchable, remaining among waste and destroys, trusting that somebody will show up. Frequently, these pictures contain inside them a danger and an inclination that no good thing can happen to these circumstances. By embeddings uneasiness into pictures of ladies, Sherman requests that the watcher think about the subject and comprehend her defenselessness. Centerfolds and Later Work In the mid 80s came the â€Å"Centerfolds,† a progression of twofold width pictures planned to imitate the normally enticing and charming postures of models set at the focal point of grown-up magazines. Sherman turned the idea of a centerfold on its head by utilizing the configuration to portray ladies who had persevered through physical maltreatment. The pictures consider the watcher responsible for moving toward the fills in as though they were intended to please-in Shermans words, they are a â€Å"thwarted desire. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uxR_g9ocBedEJ8qAGf1Yg_0hR-8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/2013_NYR_02791_0010_000cindy_sherman_untitled_92-5b9167e0c9e77c002ce489bb.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YIEyXlXGLHWLXn0G3FufF791Pzg=/1025x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/2013_NYR_02791_0010_000cindy_sherman_untitled_92-5b9167e0c9e77c002ce489bb.jpg 1025w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_VWS0KFd2WXT2AZOoo1yk7q_8a0=/1750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/2013_NYR_02791_0010_000cindy_sherman_untitled_92-5b9167e0c9e77c002ce489bb.jpg 1750w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uwyD3YwVwQCkYWmYMIM5Z9e3Tqw=/3200x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/2013_NYR_02791_0010_000cindy_sherman_untitled_92-5b9167e0c9e77c002ce489bb.jpg 3200w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zcA8rgexSzoXH7zllJUBpbHIcWg=/3200x1600/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/2013_NYR_02791_0010_000cindy_sherman_untitled_92-5b9167e0c9e77c002ce489bb.jpg src=//:0 alt=Cindy Sherman, Untitled #92 (1981) class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-30 information following container=true /> Cindy Sherman, Untitled #92 (1981). Centerfolds arrangement.  christies.org In 2017, Sherman made open her own Instagram account, which fills in as an augmentation of her training. Sherman utilizes the devices of advanced enhancing with Photoshop expected to erroneously adjust pictures of the human face to accomplish the instrument of faultlessness and rather pushes these twistings to an outrageous. Utilizing applications expected to improve pictures, Sherman misrepresents highlights, hence causing to notice the scarcely discernible difference between barbaric flawlessness (the sort that solitary internet based life is fit for appearing) and brutal, practically outsider like adjustment. In accordance with her prominence in the more conventional workmanship world, Shermans account (cindysherman) has earned a huge number of supporters. Grants and Accolades Cindy Sherman is a broadly regarded craftsman. She has gotten both a MacArthur Genius Grant and a Guggenheim Fellowship. She is a privileged individual from the Royal Academy, and has been spoken to in various biennials over the world. Sherman keeps on being a significant voice in contemporary workmanship, yet in addition in the media age. Her gnawing study gets at the center of an issue and hyper-centers around it through the impactful and private mode of representation. She lives in New York with her parrot, Frida, and is spoken to by Metro Pictures Gallery. Sources BBC (1994). Nobodys Here But Me. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?vUXKNuWtXZ_U. (2012).Adams, T. (2016). Cindy Sherman: Why am I in these photos?. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/03/ci

A Quick Guide to New York City Airports COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A Quick Guide to New York City Airports COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog New York is famous for many things; however, having great airports is not one of them.  As some of you consider traveling to New York for Admitted Students Day, or are planning your own vacation to the city, here’s are some things to keep in mind before stepping on the plane. 1. John F. Kennedy International Airport New York City is serviced by three main airports, two of which are located in the city itself. For international travelers, you will likely fly into John F. Kennedy International Airport, which is located in one of Queens most industrial (and distant) neighborhoods. JFK is about an hour by car into Manhattan and depending on your arrival time, it may take up to an hour and a half with traffic. Expect to pay anywhere between $70-100 for a taxi or Uber one-way. For the more economical traveler, JFK is serviced by the AirTrain and the A/E trains. The AirTrain is a local line that connects travelers to NYC’s subway system. You will find signs in the JFK baggage area directing you to the AirTrain. I personally suggest taking the JFK Airtrain Green Line to Howard Beach station. There, you can transfer to the A-Train and take it straight into Manhattan. Depending on where you are staying it will take a little over an hour, but there are no transfers and service is reliable. 2. Newark Liberty International Airport For international travelers that are not routed to JFK, it is almost a guarantee that you will be flying into Newark. Located just across the Hudson River in New Jersey, Newark is actually a pretty modern and easy airport to navigate. From my experience, a lot of flights arriving late at night or from East/South Asia tend to head straight to Newark. Taxis/Ubers from Newark airport into Manhattan are relatively comparable to JFK prices, although at times it may be a bit cheaper. Travelers that wish to use public transit can take the AirTrain to the Newark Liberty Airport station on the New Jersey Coast line. You can take the line into Penn Station in Manhattan, which is on 34th St. It is one of New York’s busiest subway/transit stations and you can find connecting subways to pretty much anywhere in the city. 3. LaGuardia Airport LaGuardia is the most conveniently located of New York’s three airports, as it is located right across the Queens Bridge in the sleepy neighborhood of Astoria. I have almost exclusively flown American carriers (cough, Southwest) into LaGuardia and it’s essentially the airport for domestic travel. For international travelers flying American airlines or connecting through a major US city (Miami for Caribbean/Central/South American travelers, Houston/Dallas for Mexican and Central American travelers or Los Angeles for travelers from Asia) may have a connecting flight that ends up stopping in LaGuardia. Depending on where you’re staying, taxis will likely be significantly cheaper and somewhere in the $30-60 range. That being said, LaGuardia has the absolute best bus line in the city. For those that don’t mind lugging their carry-ons onto a bus, the M60-SBS picks up passengers from the airport and goes right across the Queens Bridge into Harlem. You can hop off on the stop by the Apollo Theater to take any of the ABCD trains to most places in Manhattan or you can continue riding until Columbia University! The whole trip takes about 30 minutes to an hour, depending on traffic conditions. While trains do run from LaGuardia, I cannot recommend the bus route enough. Particularly because it costs like 2 dollars. For those that have more general questions about travel, airport conditions or navigating taxis/Ubers/trains in New York from the airport, feel free to reach out! Safe travels!

Terms of Enrichment How French Has Influenced English

The English language has been shaped by a number of other languages over the centuries, and many English speakers know that Latin and Germanic languages were two of the most important. What many people dont realize is how much the French language has influenced English. History Without going into too much detail, here is a little background about other languages that have also shaped English. The language grew out of the dialects of three German tribes (Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) who settled in Britain around 450 A.D. This group of dialects forms what we refer to as Anglo-Saxon, which gradually developed into Old English. The Germanic base was influenced in varying degrees by Celtic, Latin, and Old Norse. Bill Bryson, a noted American linguist of the English language, calls the Norman conquest of 1066 the final cataclysm [that] awaited the English language. When William the Conqueror became king of England, French took over as the language of the courts, administration, and literature—and stayed there for 300 years.   Anglo-Norman Some say this eclipse of the English vernacular was probably the most regrettable effect of the conquest. Superseded in official documents and other records by Latin and then increasingly in all areas by Anglo-Norman, written English hardly reappeared until the 13th century, according to britannica.com. English was demoted to humble everyday uses, and it became the language of peasants and the uneducated. These two languages existed side by side in England with no noticeable difficulties. In fact, since English was essentially ignored by grammarians during this time, it evolved independently, becoming a simpler language grammatically. After 80 years or so of coexisting with French, Old English segued into Middle English, which was  the vernacular spoken and written in England from about 1100 to about 1500. This is when Early  Modern  English,  the language of  Shakespeare, emerged. This evolutionary version of English is nearly identical to the English we know today. Vocabulary During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were incorporated into English, about three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in every domain, from government and law to art and literature. About one-third of all English words are derived directly or indirectly from French, and its estimated that English speakers who have never studied French already know 15,000 French words. There are more than 1,700 true cognates, words that are identical in the two languages. Pronunciation English Pronunciation owes a lot to French as well. Whereas Old English had the unvoiced fricative sounds [f], [s], [ÃŽ ¸] (as in thin), and [∠«] (shin), French influence helped to distinguish their voiced counterparts [v], [z], [à °] (the), and [Ê’] (mirage), and also contributed the diphthong [É”y] (boy). Grammar Another rare but interesting remnant of French influence is in the word order of expressions like secretary general and surgeon general, where English has retained the noun adjective word order typical in French, rather than the usual adjective noun sequence used in English. French Words and Expressions in the English Language These are some of the thousands of French words and expressions the English language has adopted. Some of them have been so completely absorbed into English the etymology is not evident. Other words and expressions have retained their written Frenchness, a certain  je ne sais quoi  that does not extend to pronunciation, which has assumed English inflections. The following is a list of words and expressions of French origin that are commonly used in English. Each term is followed by the literal English translation in quotation marks and an explanation.   adieu  Ã‚  Ã‚  until God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Used like farewell: When you dont expect to see the person again until God (meaning when you die and go to Heaven) agent provocateur  Ã‚  Ã‚  provocative agent  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person who attempts to provoke suspected individuals or groups into committing unlawful acts aide-de-camp  Ã‚  Ã‚  camp assistant  Ã‚  Ã‚  A military officer who serves as a personal assistant to a higher-ranking officer aide-mà ©moire  Ã‚  Ã‚  memory aid   Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Position paper  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Something that acts as an aid to memory, such as crib notes or mnemonic devices à   la franà §aise  Ã‚  Ã‚  in the French manner  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describes anything done the French way allà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  alley, avenue  Ã‚  Ã‚  A path or walkway lined with trees amour-propre  Ã‚  Ã‚  self love  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-respect aprà ¨s-ski  Ã‚  Ã‚  after skiing  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French term actually refers to snow boots, but the literal translation of the term is what is meant in English, as in aprà ¨s-ski social events. à   propos (de)  Ã‚  Ã‚  on the subject of  Ã‚  Ã‚  In French,  Ãƒ   propos  must be followed by the preposition  de. In English, there are four ways to use  apropos  (note that in English, weve done away with the accent and the space):   Adjective:  appropriate, to the point. Thats true, but its not apropos.  Adverb:  at an appropriate time, opportunely. Fortunately, he arrived apropos.  Adverb/Interjection:  by the way, incidentally. Apropos, what happened yesterday?  Preposition (may or may not be followed by of): with regard to, speaking of. Apropos our meeting, Ill be late.He told a funny story apropos of  the new president. attachà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  attached  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person assigned to a diplomatic post au contraire  Ã‚  Ã‚  on the contrary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually used playfully in English. au fait  Ã‚  Ã‚  conversant, informed     Au fait is used in British English to mean familiar or conversant: Shes not really au fait with my ideas, but it has other meanings in French. au naturel  Ã‚  Ã‚  in reality, unseasoned  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this case  naturel  is a  semi-false cognate. In French,  au naturel  can mean either in reality or the literal meaning of unseasoned (in cooking). In English, we picked up the latter, less common usage and use it figuratively, to mean natural, untouched, pure, real, naked. au pair  Ã‚  Ã‚  at par  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person who works for a family (cleaning and/or teaching the children) in exchange for room and board avoirdupois  Ã‚  Ã‚  goods of weight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Originally spelled  averdepois bà ªte noire  Ã‚  Ã‚  black beast  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar to a pet peeve: something that is particularly distasteful or difficult and to be avoided. billet-doux  Ã‚  Ã‚  sweet note  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love letter blond, blonde  Ã‚  Ã‚  fair-haired  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the only adjective in English that  agrees in gender with the person it modifies:  Blond  is for a man and  blonde  for a woman. Note that these can also be nouns. bon mot, bons mots  Ã‚  Ã‚  good word(s)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clever remark, witticism bon ton  Ã‚  Ã‚  good tone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sophistication, etiquette, high society bon vivant  Ã‚  Ã‚  good liver  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone who lives well, who knows how to enjoy life. bon voyage  Ã‚  Ã‚  good trip     In English, it would be, Have a good trip, but  Bon voyage  is considered more elegant. bric-a-brac  Ã‚  Ã‚  The correct French spelling is  bric-à  -brac. Note that  bric  and  brac  dont actually mean anything in French; they are onomatopoetic. brunette  Ã‚  Ã‚  small, dark-haired female  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French word  brun, dark-haired, is what English really means by brunette. The  suffix -ette  indicates that the subject is small and female. carte blanche  Ã‚  Ã‚  blank card  Ã‚  Ã‚  Free hand, ability to do whatever you want/need cause cà ©là ¨bre  Ã‚  Ã‚  famous cause  Ã‚  Ã‚  A famous, controversial issue, trial, or case cerise  Ã‚  Ã‚  cherry  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French word for the fruit gives us the English word for the color. cest la vie  Ã‚  Ã‚  thats life  Ã‚  Ã‚  Same meaning and usage in both languages chacun à   son goà »t  Ã‚  Ã‚  each one to his own taste  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the slightly twisted English version of the French expression  Ãƒ   chacun son goà »t. chaise longue  Ã‚  Ã‚  long chair  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English, this is often mistakenly written as chaise lounge, which actually makes perfect sense. chargà © daffaires  Ã‚  Ã‚  charged with business  Ã‚  Ã‚  A substitute or replacement diplomat cherchez la femme  Ã‚  Ã‚  look for the woman  Ã‚  Ã‚  Same problem as always cheval-de-frise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frisian horse  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barbed wire, spikes, or broken glass attached to wood or masonry and used to block access cheval glace  Ã‚  Ã‚  horse mirror  Ã‚  Ã‚  A long mirror set into a moveable frame comme il faut  Ã‚  Ã‚  as it must  Ã‚  Ã‚  The proper way, as it should be cordon sanitaire  Ã‚  Ã‚  sanitary line  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quarantine, buffer zone for political or medical reasons. coup de foudre  Ã‚  Ã‚  bolt of lightning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love at first sight coup de grà ¢ce  Ã‚  Ã‚  mercy blow  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deathblow, final blow, decisive stroke coup de main  Ã‚  Ã‚  stroke of hand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somehow the English meaning (surprise attack) got completely separated from the French meaning, which is  assistance, helping hand. coup de maà ®tre  Ã‚  Ã‚  master stroke  Ã‚  Ã‚  A stroke of genius coup de thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre  Ã‚  Ã‚  stroke of the theater  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sudden, unexpected turn of events in a play coup detat  Ã‚  Ã‚  state blow  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overthrow of the government. Note that the last word is capitalized and accented in French:  coup dÉtat. coup dÅ“il  Ã‚  Ã‚  stroke of the eye  Ã‚  Ã‚  A glance cri de cÅ“ur  Ã‚  Ã‚  cry of heart  Ã‚  Ã‚  The correct way to say heartfelt cry in French is  cri du cÅ“ur  (literally, cry of the heart) crime passionnel  Ã‚  Ã‚  passionate crime  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crime of passion critique  Ã‚  Ã‚  critical, judgment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critique is an adjective and noun in French, but a noun and verb in English; it refers to a critical review of something or the act of performing such a review. cul-de-sac  Ã‚  Ã‚  bottom (butt) of the bag  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead-end street debutante  Ã‚  Ã‚  beginner  Ã‚  Ã‚  In French,  dà ©butante  is the feminine form of  dà ©butant, beginner (noun) or beginning (adj). In both languages, it also refers to a young girl making her formal dà ©but into society. Interestingly, this usage is not original in French; it was adopted back from English. dà ©jà   vu  Ã‚  Ã‚  already seen  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a grammatical structure in French, as in  Je lai dà ©jà   vu   Ive already seen it. In English,  dà ©jà   vu  refers to the phenomenon of feeling like youve already seen or done something when youre sure that you havent. demimonde  Ã‚  Ã‚  half world  Ã‚  Ã‚  In French, its hyphenated:  demi-monde. In English, there are two meanings:  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. A marginal or disrespectful group  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Prostitutes and/or kept women de rigueur  Ã‚  Ã‚  of rigueur  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socially or culturally obligatory de trop  Ã‚  Ã‚  of too much  Ã‚  Ã‚  Excessive, superfluous Dieu et mon droit  Ã‚  Ã‚  God and my right  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motto of the British monarch divorcà ©, divorcà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  divorced man, divorced woman  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English, the feminine,  divorcà ©e, is far more common, and is often written without the accent:  divorcee double entendre  Ã‚  Ã‚  double hearing  Ã‚  Ã‚  A word play or pun. For example, youre looking at a field of sheep and you say How are you (ewe)? droit du seigneur  Ã‚  Ã‚  right of the lord of the manor  Ã‚  Ã‚  The feudal lords right to deflower his vassals bride du jour  Ã‚  Ã‚  of the day  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soup  du jour is nothing more than an elegant-sounding version of soup of the day. embarras de richesse, richesses  Ã‚  Ã‚  embarrassement of wealth/richness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such an overwhelming amount of good fortune that its embarrassing or confusing emigrà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  expatriate, migrant  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English, this tends to indicate exile for political reasons en banc  Ã‚  Ã‚  on the bench  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal term: indicates that the entire membership of a court is in session. en bloc  Ã‚  Ã‚  in a block  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a group, all together encore  Ã‚  Ã‚  again  Ã‚  Ã‚  A simple adverb in French, encore in English refers to an additional performance, usually requested with audience applause. enfant terrible  Ã‚  Ã‚  terrible child  Ã‚  Ã‚  Refers to a troublesome or embarrassing person within a group (of artists, thinkers, and the like). en garde  Ã‚  Ã‚  on guard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warning that one should be on his/her guard, ready for an attack (originally in fencing). en masse  Ã‚  Ã‚  in mass  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a group, all together en passant  Ã‚  Ã‚  in passing  Ã‚  Ã‚  in passing, by the way; (chess) the capturing of a pawn after a specific move en prise  Ã‚  Ã‚  in grasp  Ã‚  Ã‚  (chess) exposed to capture en rapport  Ã‚  Ã‚  in agreement  Ã‚  Ã‚  agreeable, harmonious en route  Ã‚  Ã‚  on route  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the way en suite  Ã‚  Ã‚  in sequence  Ã‚  Ã‚  Part of a set, together entente cordiale  Ã‚  Ã‚  cordial agreement     Friendly agreements between countries, especially those signed in 1904 between France and the UK entrez vous  Ã‚  Ã‚  come in  Ã‚  Ã‚  English speakers often say this, but its wrong. The correct way to say come in in French is simply  entrez. esprit de corps  Ã‚  Ã‚  group spirit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar to team spirit or morale esprit descalier  Ã‚  Ã‚  stairway wit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thinking of an answer or comeback too late fait accompli  Ã‚  Ã‚  done deed     Fait accompli  is probably a bit more fatalistic than merely done deed. faux pas  Ã‚  Ã‚  false step, trip  Ã‚  Ã‚  Something that should not be done, a foolish mistake.   femme fatale  Ã‚  Ã‚  deadly woman  Ã‚  Ã‚  An alluring, mysterious woman who seduces men into compromising situations fiancà ©, fiancà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  engaged person, betrothed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Note that  fiancà ©Ã‚  refers to a man and  fiancà ©e  to a woman. fin de sià ¨cle  Ã‚  Ã‚  end of the century     Refers to the end of the 19th century folie à   deux  Ã‚  Ã‚  craziness for two  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mental disorder that  occurs simultaneously in two people with a close relationship or association. force majeure  Ã‚  Ã‚  great force  Ã‚  Ã‚  An unexpected or uncontrollable event, like a tornado or war, that prevents a contract from being fulfilled. gamine  Ã‚  Ã‚  playful, little girl  Ã‚  Ã‚  Refers to an impish or playful girl/woman. garà §on  Ã‚  Ã‚  boy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once upon a time, it was acceptable to call a French waiter  garà §on, but those days are long gone. gauche  Ã‚  Ã‚  left, awkward  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tactless, lacking social grace genre  Ã‚  Ã‚  type  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used mostly in art and film. as in, I really like this  genre. giclà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  squirt, spray  Ã‚  Ã‚  In French,  giclà ©e  is a general term for a small amount of liquid; in English, it refers to a particular type of inkjet print using a fine spray, and the accent is usually dropped:  giclee grand mal  Ã‚  Ã‚  great illness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Severe epilepsy. Also see  petit mal haute cuisine  Ã‚  Ã‚  high cuisine  Ã‚  Ã‚  High-class, fancy and expensive cooking or food honi soit qui mal y pense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shame on anyone who thinks evil of it hors de combat  Ã‚  Ã‚  out of combat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of action idà ©e fixe  Ã‚  Ã‚  set idea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fixation, obsession je ne sais quoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont know what  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used to indicate a certain something, as in I really like Ann. She has a certain  je ne sais quoi  that I find very appealing. joie de vivre  Ã‚  Ã‚  joy of living  Ã‚  Ã‚  The quality in people who live life to the fullest laissez-faire  Ã‚  Ã‚  let it be  Ã‚  Ã‚  A policy of non-interference. Note the expression in French is  laisser-faire. ma foi  Ã‚  Ã‚  my faith  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indeed maà ®tre d, maà ®tre dhà ´tel  Ã‚  Ã‚  master of, master of hotel  Ã‚  Ã‚  The former is more common in English, which is strange since it is incomplete. Literally, it is: The master of will show you to your table. mal de mer  Ã‚  Ã‚  sickness of sea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seasickness mardi gras  Ã‚  Ã‚  fat Tuesday  Ã‚  Ã‚  Celebration before Lent mà ©nage à   trois  Ã‚  Ã‚  household of three  Ã‚  Ã‚  Three people in a relationship together; a threesome mise en abyme  Ã‚  Ã‚  putting into (an) abyss  Ã‚  Ã‚  An image repeated within its own image, as with two facing mirrors. mot juste  Ã‚  Ã‚  right word  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exactly the right word or expression. nà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  born  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used in genealogy to refer to a womans maiden name: Anne Miller nà ©e (or nee) Smith. noblesse oblige  Ã‚  Ã‚  obligated nobility  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea that those who are noble are obliged to act noble. nom de guerre  Ã‚  Ã‚  war name  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pseudonym nom de plume  Ã‚  Ã‚  pen name  Ã‚  Ã‚  This French phrase was coined by English speakers in imitation of  nom de guerre. nouveau riche  Ã‚  Ã‚  new rich  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disparaging term for someone who has recently come into money. oh là   là  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  oh dear  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually misspelled and mispronounced ooh la la in English. oh ma foi  Ã‚  Ã‚  oh my faith  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indeed, certainly, I agree par excellence  Ã‚  Ã‚  by excellence  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quintessential, preeminent, the best of the best pas de deux  Ã‚  Ã‚  step of two  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dance with two people passe-partout  Ã‚  Ã‚  pass everywhere  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Master key  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. (Art) mat, paper, or tape used to frame a picture petit  Ã‚  Ã‚  small  Ã‚  Ã‚  (law) lesser, minor petit mal  Ã‚  Ã‚  small illness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relatively mild epilepsy. Also see  grand mal petit point  Ã‚  Ã‚  little stitch  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small stitch used in needlepoint. pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance  Ã‚  Ã‚  piece of stamina  Ã‚  Ã‚  In French, this originally referred to the main course, or the test of your stomachs stamina. In both languages, it now refers to an outstanding accomplishment or the final part of something, as a project, a meal, or the like. pied-à  -terre  Ã‚  Ã‚  foot on ground  Ã‚  Ã‚  A temporary or secondary place of residence. Plus à §a change  Ã‚  Ã‚  More it changes  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more things change (the more they stay the same) porte cochà ¨re  Ã‚  Ã‚  coach gate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Covered gate through which cars drive and then stop temporarily to allow passengers to enter a building without getting rained upon. potpourri  Ã‚  Ã‚  rotten pot  Ã‚  Ã‚  A scented mixture of dried flowers and spices; a miscellaneous group or collection prix fixe  Ã‚  Ã‚  fixed price  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two or more courses at a set price, with or without options for each course. Though the term is French, in France, a prix fixe menu is simply called  le menu. protà ©gà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  protected  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone whose training is sponsored by an influential person. raison dà ªtre  Ã‚  Ã‚  reason for being  Ã‚  Ã‚  Purpose, justification for existing rendez-vous  Ã‚  Ã‚  go to  Ã‚  Ã‚  In French, this refers to a date or an appointment (literally, it is the verb  se rendre  [to go] in the imperative); in English we can use it as a noun or a verb (lets  rendez-vous  at 8 p.m.). repartee  Ã‚  Ã‚  quick, accurate response  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French  repartie  gives us the English repartee, with the same meaning of a swift, witty, and right on retort. risquà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  risked  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suggestive, overly provocative roche moutonnà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  rolled rock  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mound of bedrock smoothed and rounded by erosion.  Mouton  by itself means sheep. rouge  Ã‚  Ã‚  red  Ã‚  Ã‚  The English refers to a reddish cosmetic or metal/glass-polishing powder  and can be a noun or a verb. RSVP  Ã‚  Ã‚  respond please  Ã‚  Ã‚  This abbreviation stands for  Rà ©pondez, sil vous plaà ®t, which means that Please RSVP is redundant. sang-froid  Ã‚  Ã‚  cold blood  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ability to maintain ones composure. sans  Ã‚  Ã‚  without  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used mainly in academia, although its also seen in the font style sans serif, which means without decorative flourishes. savoir-faire  Ã‚  Ã‚  knowing how to do  Ã‚  Ã‚  Synonymous with tact or social grace. soi-disant  Ã‚  Ã‚  self saying  Ã‚  Ã‚  What one claims about oneself; so-called, alleged soirà ©e  Ã‚  Ã‚  evening  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English, refers to an elegant party. soupà §on  Ã‚  Ã‚  suspicion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used figuratively like hint: Theres just a  soupà §on  of garlic in the soup. souvenir  Ã‚  Ã‚  memory, keepsake  Ã‚  Ã‚  A memento succà ¨s destime  Ã‚  Ã‚  success of estime  Ã‚  Ã‚  Important but unpopular success or achievement succà ¨s fou  Ã‚  Ã‚  crazy success  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wild success tableau vivant  Ã‚  Ã‚  living picture  Ã‚  Ã‚  A scene composed of silent, motionless actors table dhà ´te  Ã‚  Ã‚  host table  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. A table for all guests to sit together  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. A fixed-price meal with multiple courses tà ªte-à  -tà ªte  Ã‚  Ã‚  head to head  Ã‚  Ã‚  A private talk or visit with another person touchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  touched  Ã‚  Ã‚  Originally used in fencing, now equivalent to you got me. tour de force  Ã‚  Ã‚  turn of strength  Ã‚  Ã‚  Something that takes a great deal of strength or skill to accomplish. tout de suite  Ã‚  Ã‚  right away  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to the silent  e  in  de, this is often misspelled toot sweet in English. vieux jeu  Ã‚  Ã‚  old game  Ã‚  Ã‚  Old-fashioned vis-à  -vis (de)  Ã‚  Ã‚  face to face  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English  vis-à  -vis  or  vis-a-vis  means compared to or in relation with: vis-a-vis this decision means  vis-à  -vis de cette dà ©cision.  Note than in French, it must be followed by the preposition  de. Vive la France !  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Long) live France   Essentially the French equivalent of saying God bless America.   Voilà   !  Ã‚  Ã‚  There it is!     Take care to spell this correctly. It is not  voilà ¡ or violà  . Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you want to sleep with me tonight?  Ã‚  Ã‚  An unusual phrase in that English speakers use it far more than French speakers. French Words and Phrases Related to the Arts French English (literal) Explanation art dco decorative art Short for art dcoratif. A movement in art of the 1920s and 1930s characterized by bold outlines and geometric and zigzag forms. art nouveau new art A movement in art, characterized by flowers, leaves, and flowing lines. aux trois crayons with three crayons Drawing technique using three colors of chalk. avant-garde before guard Innovative, especially in the arts, in the sense of before everyone else. bas-relief low relief/design Sculpture that is only slightly more prominent than its background. belle poque beautiful era The golden age of art and culture in the early 20th century. chef duvre chief work Masterpiece. cinma vrit cinema truth Unbiased, realistic documentary filmmaking. film noir black movie Black is a literal reference to the stark black-and-white cinematography style, though films noirs tend to be dark figuratively as well. fleur-de-lis, fleur-de-lys flower of lily A type of iris or an emblem in the shape of an iris with three petals. matine morning In English, indicates the days first showing of a movie or play. Can also refer to a midday romp with ones lover. objet dart art object Note that the French word objet does not have a c. It is never object dart. papier mch mashed paper Novel with real people appearing as fictional characters. roman cls novel with keys A long, multivolume novel that presents the history of several generations of a family or community. In both French and English, saga tends to be used more. roman-fleuve novel river A long, multivolume novel that presents the history of several generations of a family or community. In both French and English, saga tends to be used more. trompe lil trick the eye A painting style that uses perspective to trick the eye into thinking it is real. In French, trompe lil can also refer in general to artifice and trickery. French Ballet Terms Used in English French has also given English scores of words in the domain of ballet. The literal meanings of the adopted French words are below. French English barre bar chan chained chass chased dvelopp developed effac shaded pas de deux two step pirouette chained pli bent relev lifted Food and Cooking Terms In addition to the below, French has given us the following food-related terms: blanch  (to lighten in color, parboil; from  blanchir),  sautà ©Ã‚  (fried over high heat),  fondue  (melted),  purà ©e  (crushed),  flambà ©e  (burned). French English (literal) Explanation la carte on the menu French restaurants usually offer a menu with choices for each of the several courses at a fixed price. If you want something else (a side order), you order from the carte. Note that menu is a false cognate in French and English. au gratin with gratings In French, au gratin refers to anything that is grated and put on top of a dish, like breadcrumbs or cheese. In English, au gratin means with cheese. la minute to the minute This term is used in restaurant kitchens for dishes that are cooked to order, rather than made ahead of time. apritif cocktail From Latin, to open. au jus in the juice Served with the meats natural juices. bon apptit good appetite The closest English equivalent is Enjoy your meal. caf au lait coffee with milk Same thing as the Spanish term caf con leche cordon bleu blue ribbon Master chef crme brle burnt cream Baked custard with carmelized crust crme caramel caramel cream Custard lined with caramel like a flan crme de cacao cream of cacao Chocolate-flavored liqueur crme de la crme cream of the cream Synonymous with the English expression cream of the crop - refers to the best of the best. crme de menthe cream of mint Mint-flavored liqueur crme frache fresh cream This is a funny term. Despite its meaning, crme frache is in fact slightly fermented, thickened cream. cuisine kitchen, food style In English, cuisine refers only to a particular type of food/cooking, such as French cuisine, Southern cuisine, etc. demitasse half cup In French, its hyphenated: demi-tasse. Refers to a small cup of espresso or other strong coffee. dgustation tasting The French word simply refers to the act of tasting, while in English degustation is used for a tasting event or party, as in wine or cheese tasting. en brochette on (a) skewer Also known by the Turkish name: shish kebab fleur de sel flower of salt Very fine and expensive salt. foie gras fat liver The liver of a force-fed goose, considered a delicacy. hors duvre outside of work An appetizer. uvre here refers to the main work (course), so hors duvre simply means something besides the main course. nouvelle cuisine new cuisine Cooking style developed in the 1960s and 70s that emphasized lightness and freshness. petit four little oven Small dessert, especially cake. vol-au-vent flight of the wind In both French and English, a vol-au-vent is a very light pastry shell filled with meat or fish with sauce. Fashion and Style French English (literal) Explanation la mode in fashion, style In English, this means with ice cream, an apparent reference to a time when ice cream on pie was the fashionable way to eat it. BCBG good style, good sort Preppy or posh, short for bon chic, bon genre. chic stylish Chic sounds more chic than stylish. crpe de Chine Chinese crepe Type of silk. dcolletage, dcollet low neckline, lowered neckline The first is a noun, the second an adjective, but both refer to low necklines on womens clothing. dmod out of fashion Same meaning in both languages: outmoded, out of fashion. dernier cri last cry The newest fashion or trend. eau de cologne water from Cologne This is often cut down to simply cologne in English. Cologne is the French and English name for the German city Kln. eau de toilette toilet water Toilet here does not refer to a commode. See toilette in this list. Eau de toilette is a very weak perfume. faux false, fake As in faux jewels. haute couture high sewing High-class, fancy and expensive clothing. pass past Old-fashioned, out-of-date, past its prime. peau de soie skin of silk Soft, silky fabric with a dull finish. petite small, short It may sound chic, but petite is simply the feminine French adjective meaning short or small. pince-nez pinch-nose Eyeglasses clipped to the nose prt--porter ready to wear Originally referred to clothing, now sometimes used for food. savoir-vivre to know how to live Living with sophistication and an awareness of good etiquette and style soign taken care of 1. Sophisticated, elegant, fashionable 2. Well-groomed, polished, refined toilette toilet In French, this refers both to the toilet itself and anything related to toiletries; thus the expression to do ones toilette, meaning to brush hair, do makeup, etc. Test your understanding of the above with this  quiz. Sources Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue: English How It Got That Way. Paperback, Reissue edition, William Morrow Paperbacks, 1990. French is Not a Foreign Language,  American Association of Teachers of French. Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition: Fiftieth Anniversary Printing. Indexed edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, October 16, 2018. French Inside Out: The French Language Past and Present, by Henriette Walter Walter, H. Honni Soit Qui Mal Y Pense. Ldp Litterature, French Edition, Distribooks Inc, May 1, 2003. Katzner, Kenneth. The Languages of the World. Kirk Miller, 3rd Edition, Routledge, May 10, 2002. Bryson, Bill. Made in America: An Informal History of the English Language in the United States. Paperback, Reprint edition, William Morrow Paperbacks, October 23, 2001.

Top Fellowship Essay Samples Tips!

Top Fellowship Essay Samples Tips! What is Really Happening with Fellowship Essay Samples You may choose to include information regarding prominent researchers or professors in the field which you have worked with. Narrow down the list of scholarships you need to submit an application for. Based on the program, you might explain why you are interested in getting the scholarship or grant. Especially since scholarships are not simple to get, and judges are extremely harsh. Ensure you know everything the committee would like you to put in your letter of intent. An academic letter is not only a document that can showcase your mastery when it has to do with a specific academic subject. Your nomination letter must incorporate all relevant particulars. List the date below your return address, and then the man or woman to whom you're addressing the letter and her street address below the date. Below, you'll discover a student grant application letter sample. If you're utilizing a CV to apply to get a job in another nation, it's important to learn about the format common in that nation. The little grant (R03) supports new research projects that could be carried out in a quick time period with limited resources. Specify the number of individuals affected by your work and the sum of time you've spent on your projects. Fellowship Essay Samples - What Is It? Possessing another reader often causes a better composition. When utilizing a template for a guide, always make sure it's applicable to the study that you're practicing or the academic area or discipline at which you will use your academic essay. It's much better to use your own words and care for the subject employing a crystal clear and concise language. The course materials which you require to speak about within an academic essay can reflect your degree of understanding about the discipline. 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Try to remember your introduction, the very first paragraph of an essay, needs to be short and catchy. A letter of a few paragraphs is an ideal length. You don't wish to be the Rhodes candidate who's eliminated from consideration as a result of a typo in your essay's very first paragraph. In other words, an academic essay may be an evidence of the depth of your research procedures and the rest of the activities you've executed so you can support the content of your written output. Aspirants who want to submit an application for the training programs can fill the on-line application form. The procedure isn't difficult, but might take several weeks. It begins with the client entering the relevant information in the order form. Prevent the trap of aiming for what you believe the selection committee would like to hear. The Mandela Washington Fellowship will offer you the tools to achieve your general vision. Until you understand what the particular mandate of a fellowship, you aren't going to understand how to commence structuring your essay, or in the event the fellowship you're applying to is even the most suitable one for you. Finding out how to share your goals with numerous audiences is the secret to proving your research is well worth doing work one-on-one with an Accepted advisor now to begin on your application and become funded! Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capability to spark the interests of your readers. Consult your readers to inform you exactly what questions your proposal raises that you may not have considered. As you wait to hear if you're selected for an interview, there are various things you are able to continue to do in order to prepare. Retreat invitations could be mailed or e-mailed, or a combo of both. Adhere to a narrative structure when building your essay, it's going to be less difficult for you to tell your individual experiences. 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A Molecular Caliper Mechanism for Determining Free Essays

The article is about the discovery of a molecular â€Å"caliper† that can be used to measure the length of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). It was written by Vladimir Denic and Dr. Jonathan Weissman. We will write a custom essay sample on A Molecular Caliper Mechanism for Determining or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here, I will analyze the important elements in this scientific paper by answering the key questions below. 1. What important previously observed facts stimulated the new work? (Background) It has been observed that very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are responsible for the cellular growth and alterations in the length of these fatty acids will result to abnormalities. In humans, Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCAD) and adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) are two of the metabolic diseases that can be fatal to the individual (â€Å"Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase†; Kemp and Watkins â€Å"Very Long Chain Fatty Acids and Adrenoleukodystrophy†). One possible way to solve this problem is by determining the lengths of VLCFAs. It is also important to note that VLCFAs are results of catalytic processes. Thus, the different components of VLCFAs as well as the proteins responsible for this must be determined. In the article, previous studies conducted on the process of converting short fatty acids were included. The four steps in the metabolic process were listed (Denic and Weissman 663). After it, the researchers investigated on the missing links of the process: the novel dehydratase and the elongase protein (Elop) which acts as â€Å"scissors† in the elongation cycle. Using complicated steps derived from previous experiments, they were able to identify the Elop known as Phs1p. Unknown to the researchers are the Elop responsible for determining the length of the resultant VLCFAs by stopping Phs1p from elongating the fatty acid. Another unknown is the method which the researchers can determine the length of the VLCFA. 2. What is the hypothesis of the new work? The hypothesis of this work can be found in the abstract but it is a shorter version and probably needs elaboration. By analyzing the existing data on VLCFA, the researchers have come up with the hypothesis that FAs are elongated to VLCFAs by three membrane components (Denic and Weissman 663). Also, they were able to hypothesize that the length of the VLCFA can be measured by determining the distance from the lysine residue and the Elop active sites (Denic and Weissman 663). 3. What are the major findings reported in the manuscript? (New data) The major findings in the article include the discovery of the missing component—novel dehydratase–Phs1p. This is the component responsible for the elongation of the FAs (Denic and Weissman 664). Now, the researchers still looked for the Elop responsible for the length determination of the VLCFAs and found two examples of this component, namely Fen1p and Sur4p (Denic and Weissman 674). By undergoing in vivo tests, they were able to isolate the Elops and found out that Fen1p and Sur4p is responsible for the elongation of C18 fatty acids into C22 and C26 respectively (Denic and Weissman 674). How to cite A Molecular Caliper Mechanism for Determining, Papers

The Poetry Of A. E. Housman (867 words) Essay Example For Students

The Poetry Of A. E. Housman (867 words) Essay The Poetry of A. E. HousmanHousman was born in Burton-On-Trent, England, in 1865, just as the US Civil War was ending. As a young child, he was disturbed by the news of slaughter from the former British colonies, and was affected deeply. This turned him into a brooding, introverted teenager and a misanthropic, pessimistic adult. This outlook on life shows clearly in his poetry. Housman believed that people were generally evil, and that life conspired against mankind. This is evident not only in his poetry, but also in his short stories. For example, his story, The Child of Lancashire, published in 1893 in The London Gazette, is about an child who travels to London, where his parents die, and he becomes a street urchin. There are veiled implications that the child is a homosexual (as was Housman, most probably), and he becomes mixed up with a gang of similar youths, attacking affluent pedestrians and stealing their watches and gold coins. Eventually he leaves the gang and becomes weal thy, but is attacked by the same gang (who dont recognize him) and is thrown off London Bridge into the Thames, which is unfortunately frozen over, and is killed on the hard ice below. Housmans poetry is similarly pessimistic. In fully half the poems the speaker is dead. In others, he is about to die or wants to die, or his girlfriend is dead. Death is a really important stage of life to Housman; without death, Housman would probably not have been able to be a poet. (Housman, himself, died in 1937.) A few of his poems showan uncharacteristic optimism and love of beauty, however. For example, in his poem Trees, he begins:Loveliest of trees, the cherry nowHung low with bloom along the bowStands about the woodland sideA virgin in white for Eastertideand ends:Poems are made by fools like meBut only God can make a tree.(This is a popular quotation, yet most people dont know its source!)Religion is another theme of Housmans. Housman seems to have hadtrouble reconciling conventional Christ ianity with his homosexuality and his deep clinical depression. In Apologia pro Poemate Meo he states:In heaven-high musings and manyFar off in the wayward night sky,I would think that the love I bear youWould make you unable to die Would God in his church in heavenForgive us our sins of the day,That boy and man togetherMight join in the night and the way.I think that the sense of hopelessness and homosexual longing isunmistakable. However, these themes went entirely over the heads of the people of Housmans day, in the early 1900s. The best known collection of Housmans poetry is A Shropshire Lad, published in 1925, followed shortly by More Poems, 1927, and Even More Poems, 1928. Unsurprisingly, most collections have the same sense and style. They could easily be one collection, in terms of stylisticcontent. All show a sense of the fragility of life, the perversity ofexistence, and a thinly veiled homosexual longing, in spite of the fact that many of the poems apparently (but sublimi nally?) speak of young women. It is clear from these works that women were only a metaphor for love, which in Housmans case usually did not include the female half of society. More Poems contains perhaps the best statement of Housmans philosophy of life, a long, untitled poem (no. LXIX) with oblique references to the town of his birth, Burton-on-Trent, and statements like:And while the sun and moon endureLucks a chance, but troubles sureIndeed, how much more pessimistic can one be?Not only a poet and storyteller, Housman was a noted classical scholar. He is known for his extensive translations of the Greek classics, especially Greek plays by Euripides and Sophocles. Unfortunately, the bulk of his manuscripts were lost in a disastrous fire in his office at Oxford, which was caused by a lit cigar falling into a stack of papers. There were rumors that Housman was hidden in a closet with a young boy at the time, and therefore did not see the fire in his own office until it was too late to extinguish it. The Trustees of the college, however, managed to squelch the rumors, and Housmans academic tenure was not threatened by the incident. .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc , .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .postImageUrl , .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc , .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:hover , .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:visited , .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:active { border:0!important; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:active , .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc635501c15c355108a4f09af5c591fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impact Of Hurricanes In Florida Essay We will write a custom essay on The Poetry Of A. E. Housman (867 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Now only a few gems of his poetic translation remain. One of the finest is from Sophocles Alcestis, which begins: Of strong things I find not anyThat is as the strength of FateIndeed, a comment on Housmans sense of fatalism. Housman is considered a minor poet, primarily because of his use of rhyme and meter, and frequent and effective use of imagery and symbolism. (It is generally accepted that major twentieth-century poetry must inevitably go beyond the strictures of late-nineteenth century styles, so any poet using such styles can only be classed as minor.) Nonetheless, I like him. I can forgive his sexual orientation, especially since my own father and brother share it (and sometimes I wonder about myself!) His wonderful poetry and other writings stand apart, by themselves, in their unique and special splendor.

The eNotes Blog eNotes Student of Change Amena Mian, and the Fashionably ConsciousNGO

Student of Change Amena Mian, and the Fashionably ConsciousNGO I dreamt up Project Sina in college and always thought that I would pursue the endeavor later on in my career. I guess there is a perception that one has to be of a certain age and have collected a number of accolades before doing something entrepreneurial Frustrated by a narrow job market, I was compelled to create my own opportunities regardless of who or what entity deemed me qualified.  - Amena Mian In our new blog series, we’re interviewing students and recent graduates who have taken their studies and done something profound with them. Some are doing great work at home, while others have traveled to far off destinations to help communities in need. Whatever path they’ve chosen, these inspirational Students of Change prove that being young and recently graduated are never hindrances to doing what you want to do. Amena Mian  is a graduate of UC Davis, with a degree in Global Community Development. She has an extensive amount of experience working for mission-driven nonprofits both in the US and South Asia  and she was  selected as a Fellow for the IDEX Fellowship in Social Enterpise 12-13. Her non-profit fashion label Project Sina is generating opportunity for women through a stitch, employing Pakistani artisans to create beautiful, hand-crafted clothing and repaying them with fair wages and education.   Amenas  efforts to promote literacy and equality for South Asian women make her our hero and this weeks Student of Change. Read on to learn more about her and her co-founders noble cause! Tell us a little bit about your NGO, Project Sina. What inspired it and what does it do for women in Pakistan? Project Sina is an ethical fashion brand based in Karachi, Pakistan that strives to provide its employees with a fair wage and educational programming for their hand embroidered shirts. Growing up in a Pakistani-American household, I was surrounded by traditional garments and always wondered why I couldn’t find the same beautiful Eastern detail on modern, Western silhouettes.  Pakistan’s culture is very much artisan driven, whereby ready made clothing is a novelty and most individuals are their own fashion designers. They choose their own fabric, trim, and have their own tailors. Yet, after studying abroad in Delhi, I  came to realize that the majority of artisans creating this beautiful hand embroidery, almost all of them women, live  well below the poverty line. Furthermore,  Pakistani women, although arguably the most underprivileged group, show the most potential in terms of their very specialized skills. So, starting Project Sina my aims were to fill both the gap for South Asian-inspired garments in the fashion market as well as the need for womens advocacy in Pakistan. Project Sinas philosophy is simple: although underprivileged, the women we work with are never without potential. All they need is the right footing in the global marketplace and a venue for sales, and thats where we come in. Having studied community development, I found that most development projects abroad only seemed to highlight what communities were lacking. Project Sina instead strives to highlight the talents and acute skills of women in Pakistan. Doing that, were able to bring their products  to the world, rewarding them at the rate  they deserve for their work. A Project Sina artisan holds up her entry to one of the charitys design competitions Starting an NGO seems like an impossible task to most people. Can you talk us through how you turned this dream into a reality? I dreamt up Project Sina in college and always thought that I would pursue the endeavor later on in my career. I guess there is a perception that one has to be of a certain age and have collected a number of accolades before doing something entrepreneurial. However, lucky me, I graduated in 2011!  Frustrated by a narrow job market, I was compelled to create my own opportunities regardless of who or what entity deemed me qualified. Immediately after graduating, I was also fortunate enough to re-connect with an old friend, Anum, who had similar project ideas of making beautifully embroidered garments that would help lift women out of poverty in Pakistan. It was through this re-kindled connection that the stars aligned in a way. Obsessed with this idea, Anum and I put our heads together and began chipping away at our business plan. It took about a year for us to build up our network and get people excited about Project Sina. By way of Indiegogo, we were finally able to raise enough money to start  operations and create our initial inventory. What are some of the most valuable things youve learned along this journey? One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned through starting up is that authenticity goes a long way. It is those individuals who I have genuine connections with and people who are really excited about creating greater opportunity for women in Pakistan that have been most instrumental in giving this project wings. So I guess you can say being open and honest about project challenges and opportunities is something I consider a best practice now instead of constantly trying to sell or solicit. What advice can you give the students that use about pursuing their dreams? The best advice I can give other eNoters with any kind of dream or entrepreneurial idea – stay consistent! Excellence is a habit, not a trait. Turning your vision from dream to reality does indeed require a lot of planning and work. I of all people know how difficult it can be to work on your skill or project in between a hectic work or school schedule. But if you stay consistent about it and don’t give up hope, good things will come. You never know who or what opportunity can be around the corner, you just need to keep putting that energy out into the universe. Sound advice! So, where do you see Project Sina in  the future? We have come quite far. Up to this point we’ve worked with about 30 women who receive a fair wage and are now some of the first literate females in their family. But Project Sina certainly has a long way to go in terms of expanding the number of women we reach and developing our product. We’ve definitely had a good run in terms of piloting operations in Pakistan and seeing how the market has reacted to our concept and product. The  next step were currently working on is developing a new inventory of tops on high quality fabrics. Within the next 2 years, I hope that Project Sina is able to really carve out a niche within the ethical fashion space, becoming a brand that is known for both our distinct aesthetic as well as the impact we make in the lives of women in Pakistan. Within the next 5 years, through the brands own success, I hope to prove to the larger fashion industry that you can indeed be profitable and create positive social change at the same time, rather than one at the cost of the other. By that 5 year point, I would like to expand operations into other countries, turning Project Sina into a truly global movement. Everyday eNoter Questions: The Everyday eNoter’s bookshelf is always full, what’s your current favorite read? I am currently reading Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. I lived in Bombay for a bit and felt that there was a profound complexity to the city that I never understood. The author Suketa Mehta, walks you through the dark underworld that you always knew existed but never had a tour guide for. What’s the best advice you’ve ever received from a professor or teacher? I wouldn’t say advice, but I certainly had a very special Hindi Professor at UC Davis that appreciated my quirky personality and big mouth (few professors do). If it weren’t for him and that class, I probably would have never ended up India or started Project Sina. If you could change one thing about the education system, what would it be? Why? Tough Question! For starters, I would somehow try to reform the structural inequalities that exist in the education system, whereby those that are the right race and are privileged enough to go to a good school tend to stay in school and go to good universities. It breaks my heart when I look at a child and know that for the most part, a bright future has been robbed from them simply because of their race and the neighborhood they live in. I’m also really into the concept of child-centered learning, whereby a child’s curiousity guides their curriculum – whereby we highlight their talents as opposed to negatively conditioning them and reinforcing what they aren’t good at. Looking back, what advice would you give your freshman self? I would have talked to my professors more! They are usually great resources if you actually talk to them like normal human beings and utilize office hours. What’s your go-to music/soundtrack for homework or writing? Right now I am listening to a lot of electronic music. Disclosure in particular. I’d like to think that I can still party when working. Where to find Project Sina: Follow the below links to find out more about Amenas project and support the cause. Projectsina.com Project Sinas Online Store Project Sina on Facebook

The History and Process of Textile Production

The History and Process of Textile Production The creation of textiles, or cloth and fabric materials, is one of humanity’s oldest activities. Despite the great advances in production and manufacturing of clothing, the creation of natural textiles still to this day relies on the effective conversion of fiber into yarn and then yarn to fabric. As such, there are four primary steps in the manufacturing of textiles which have remained the same. The first is the harvest and cleaning of the fiber or wool. The second is carding and spinning into threads. The third is to weave the threads into cloth. Lastly, the fourth is to fashion and sew the cloth into clothes. Early Production Like food and shelter, clothing is a basic human requirement for survival. When settled Neolithic cultures discovered the advantages of woven fibers over animal hides, the making of cloth emerged as one of humankinds fundamental technologies drawing on existing basketry techniques. From the earliest hand-held spindle and distaff and basic hand loom to the highly automated spinning machines and power looms of today, the principles of turning vegetable fiber into cloth have remained constant: Plants are cultivated and the fiber harvested. The fibers are cleaned and aligned, then spun into yarn or thread. Finally, the yarns are interwoven to produce cloth. Today we also spin complex synthetic fibers, but they are still woven together using the same process as cotton and flax were millennia ago. The Process, Step-by-Step Picking: After the fiber of choice was harvested, picking was the process that followed. Picking removed foreign matter (dirt, insects, leaves, seeds) from the fiber. Early pickers beat the fibers to loosen them and removed debris by hand. Eventually, machines used rotating teeth to do the job, producing a thin lap ready for carding.Carding: Carding was the process by which the fibers were combed to align and join them into a loose rope called a sliver. Hand carders pulled the fibers between wire teeth set in boards. Machines would be developed to do the same thing with rotating cylinders. Slivers (rhymes with divers) were then combined, twisted, and drawn out into roving.Spinning. After carding created slivers and roving, spinning was that process that twisted and drew out the roving and wound the resulting yarn on a bobbin. A spinning wheel operator drew out the cotton by hand. A series of rollers accomplished this on machines called throstles and spinning mules.Warping: Warping ga thered yarns from a number of bobbins and wound them close together on a reel or spool. From there they were transferred to a warp beam, which was then mounted on a loom. Warp threads were those that ran lengthwise on the loom. Weaving: Weaving was the final stage in making textiles and cloth. Crosswise woof threads were interwoven with warp threads on a loom. A 19th-century power loom worked essentially like a hand loom, except that its actions were mechanized and therefore much faster.

Efficacy of institutions in the global system Research Paper

Efficacy of institutions in the global system - Research Paper Example This denotes the significance of international institutions, such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and World Bank in helping countries respond more to the challenges of globalization (Milner 836). This paper attempts to demonstrate the significance of international institutions to enhance the economy of various countries. It also provides evidence that these multilateral institutions have a valuable impact on the economy of developing nations. Role of International Institutions The primary goal of International Monetary Fund (IMF) is to help improve the economy of less developed countries by providing them with short and long term loans at low interest rates. The institution has been active in delivering this role which is evident in the various programs that it has successfully implemented in over sixty developing countries in 2000 alone. Moreover, the mission of World Bank was also to support the growth of less developed nations and to help them overcome the financial crisis. This goal was efficiently carried out through the provision of grants and loans at zero interest to poor nations especially in Africa. In fact, over 50% of the fund of World Bank for 2003 went to projects in the nearby countries of Sahara. On the other hand, the mission of World Trade Organization (WTO) was to enhance bilateral partnerships among countries and to encourage them to adopt trade liberalization as an effective strategy for enhancing their economy (Milner 836). The WTO has successfully performed this mission which is evident in the emergence of various multinational companies in developing countries. These giant companies significantly contribute to the economy of emerging countries through the creation of jobs. This was revealed in the study of Greenaway and Wright on the effects of trade liberalization in the economy of developing countries. The findings showed that liberalization of trade policies and entry barriers has a significant po sitive impact to the economic growth of less developed countries (229). Impact of International Institutions on Economic Growth The WTO plays a significant role in enhancing the value international trade of its member countries. For instance, Rose conducted a study on whether or not WTO together with its previous counterpart (Generalised Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has been effective in promoting the value of international trade among its 175 member countries for 50 years. Through the analysis of the gravity model, the study revealed that WTO has a direct contribution for doubling the value of trade among member nations (98). In addition, Subramanian and Wei also conducted a study on whether or not WTO has a significant impact on the trading condition of its member countries. Their findings revealed that WTO provides a significant positive impact on trade which translates to 120% marginal increase for 2000. However, the study revealed that the positive impact of WTO is not evenly achieved by its member countries. In addition, increase in bilateral trade is high when each partner nation adopt liberalization while countries without trade liberalizations did not acquire trade increase. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) plays a significant role in creating and enforcing relevant trading rules across different countries. This has been supported by various research showing the relevance of WTO in

Symbiotic Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbiotic Relationship - Essay Example Essentially, this relationship puts emphasis on giving equal effort, since the long-term survival of the above relation leads to both parties surveillance. Coen narrates that ascoglossan placida is herbivorous algae and weakens the abundance and existence of placida on codium. Hitherto, here the placida is an example of a crustacean that protects the codium from predation, hence, symbiotic relation. Eventually this leads to more production of the algae since it reduces the predation of placida on the algae. Ultimately, the algae get protection from placida. Notably, he argues that even though ascoglossanas predates on the seaweeds, molluscan acts as a conservative factor and undergoes stimulation by the non-food algae. Amusingly, polyps cannot move away from their home, which is limestone, and so they feed stagnantly during the night. Zooxanthellae are water algae that live in the tissues of polyps, and usually use the available sunlight to make food. Surprisingly, the shape of coral s results in their surrounding (Coen, 1988). Strong or even weak waves can deform corals’ shape. Eventually, the rising of the coral forms a lagoon, which will fall forming a toll, which becomes molluscan shelter. Glynn, in his book entitled â€Å"Herbivore by crabs and the control of algal epibionts on Caribbean host corals† is herein concerned with how corals provided shelter to crustaceans. That epiphytes provides shelter by giving a cool and moist microhabitat in the presence of low tides in the sea. As much as providing of shelter is met, this epiphyte has many branches that provide security to the small slugs, hence, safe from predation (Glynn, 1983).Anemones, which are sea inhabitants, do relate with the corals. Anemone fishes relate symbiotically with the clownfish whereby the tentacles of the anemone make a good refuge with the fishes in conjunction with its eggs. On the other hand, anemone fishes behave as scare parasites, like butterfly fishes, from their ho st (Lassig, 1977). Moreover, bryozoans usually encrust the reefs by cementing the reefs using their branching colonies on the skeleton of the reefs. A variety of worms, like the polychaetes and the flatworms, find a good home in the reef. Furthermore, crevices in the reef make a critical home for flatworms. Ecosystems consisting of reefs form a diverse environment that inhibits different species collectively. Similarly, Stachowicz puts emphasis on the same shelter relationship and briefs that the ascoglossan’s gets the benefit of refuge and so gets shelter from the epiphytes (Stachowicz, 1999). Stier notes that red snapping shrimps, alphes armatus and the bartholomea annulata have a good symbiotic nature whereby the bartholomea annulata although habitats in shallow water mutual relationship is essential. Since the b.annulata have powerful jaws, they tend to scare the predators against cnidarians, while on the other hand the cnidarians provide shelter to shrimps. Apparently, a well-known example of the crustaceans is the shrimps and the crabs. The mechanism that the crustacean has for protection over its predators is as below: skeleton, which is very hard and has the name carapace, is primarily the organism’s body armor. This keeps away hungry predators that have the ability to bite on them. Periodically, moult phase is the only time that crustacean may be exposable to attack. Lobsters and crabs have a set of gigantic pincers that protect them from predators. In addition, the lobster has a tough biting claw that usually protects it from other animals’ attack, human being inclusive. Stachowicz, J.J narrates the relationship of the Alpheus lotteni with the corals pocillopora damicornis. Symbiosis relationship here is evident as

Zuzanna Zommer Case Study

Zuzanna Zommer Case Study The following essay examines a case study on a young child that was sexually abused and murdered by a known sex offender, and the serious case review that was written on the case. This essay will also discuss the basic legal policies and the frame work of the Children Act 1989, 2004 and Every Child Matters: National Service Framework. It will demonstrate the understanding of the different types of abuse, an understanding of the child protection system and how it applies to the common assessment frame work. Also the importance of working in a child centred manner will be understood. This essay will criticise the different approaches of multi-professional tactics on child protection. It will take a look at the Lord Laming and Munro reports that were put in place between the death of Victoria Climbie and baby P and safeguarding reforms planned to prevent future deaths. Zuzanna Zommer was a 14 year old girl who came to live the United Kingdom with her parents and young bother from Poland. Not long after the move, Zuzanna was sexually abused and murdered by a known sex offender named Michael Clark who lived two doors down from the Zommers. Unknown to the family and his past history, Clark befriended the Zommer family and would go to family barbeques (Brooke 2008). See appendix 1. Statistics show that nearly a quarter of young adults are sexual abused during childhood, in 2010 and 2011 17.727 children under the age of sixteen were sexually abused in England and Wales (NSPCC 2012). Several agencies failed in the case of Zuzanna Zommer (BBC News England 2012) due to failed communication between agencies. Michael Clark moved to Leeds after being released from Hull prison prior to meeting the Zommer. Humberside police failed to provide the public protection agencies in Leeds with enough warning that Clark would be moving to the area (BBC News England 2012). See appendix 2 A serious case review was released in March 2012 on Zuzanna Zommer which states that Clarks childhood was unhappy. His parents divorced when he was three years old and was brought up by his mother and stepfather, of which he witnessed domestic violence with his mother regularly using physical abuse. Clark was bullied at school and then expelled from junior school before going to a school for the deaf (Cocker 2012). See appendix 3 Over the past thirty years, theories of child maltreatment have shifted from single- cause models (e.g. the transgenerational transmission of child maltreatment, which saw children who grew up with abuse becoming abusive adults) to more integrated and multi-faceted perspectives, emphasising instead a number of interacting factors (Azar et al, 1998; Thomas et al, 2003). Research repeatedly suggests that a history of childhood abuse is associated with low educational attainment and poor physical and mental health in adulthood (Gilbert et al, 2009b; Safeguarding and protecting children are supported by a complicated system of legislation, guidance, regulation, and procedures (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). Within the UK, the Department of Health defines child maltreatment in terms of inflicting harm and/or by failing to act to prevent harm to children (Department of Health, 2006 p26). Significant is not defined in the Act, although it does say that the court should compare the health and development of the child with that which could be reasonably expected of a similar child. So the courts have to decide for themselves what constitutes significant harm by looking at the facts of each individual case (NSPCC factsheet 2012 p2) Within the overall category of child maltreatment, four categories of abuse are traditionally recognised (WHO, 2006) World Health Organisation (2006) Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. The abuse towards Zuzanna Zommer took 11 months to result in her death during which the sexual abuse of the child went undetected. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf [Accessed 25 Feb 2010] Sidebotham et al (2006) observed that a wide range of factors are associated with child maltreatment, with the strongest risks coming from socio-economic deprivation and parental background, including poor mental health. Community-level variables consistently linked to child maltreatment include lack of social support (including the availability of childcare), neighbourhood poverty and the accessibility of alcohol (Coulton et al, 1995; 1999; 2007; Korbin et al, 1998; Molnar et al, 2003). Social factors, such as beliefs about using physical punishment to discipline children and the portrayal of violence and sex in the media may additionally contribute to abusive behaviour towards children (Belsky, 1993; Straus and Mathur, 1996). Belsky, J. (1993) Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin 114: 413-434. Following the death of Victoria Climbie, who was known to the social services and many other agencies within the social sector? Victorias parents stated they had noted that the social worker blames the doctors, front line staff blames the management, mangers blame the council, and the councils blame the government for lack of funding. Response to the fallings were I am poorly managed, not my job, (Laming,2003, evidence 19 February 2002,p97). Lord Laming was invited to carry out an enquiry looking at the situations leading up to Victorias death. His report had a 108 recommendation to safe guard children in the future, this inquiry became known as the Laming Report (Laming 2003). Deryk Mead of Action for Children stated, I do believe that inquiry reports have made a positive difference to the child protection system, and I have every confidence that Lord Lamings report will do so too (Katwala and Ciglerova 2003 p5). However there was some criticism to his report Caroline Abrahams and Debora Lightfoot from the Action for Children stated the report was looking more at the case of Victoria Climbie and not at children in general in regards to child protection (Abraham and Lightfoot 2003). .According to Harry Ferguson, a professor of social work at the University of the West of England, Lamings report focuses too heavily on the implementation of new structures and fails to understand the keen intuition that child protection work demands. (Ferguson 2003 p5) All areas of the UK have policies to safeguard children and young people, to be able to protect them and advertise their general well-being. In 2006 Working Together was re- published on which ideas have been further developed which was again called Working Together to safeguarding Children: A Guide to inter- agency Working to Safeguarding and Promote The Welfare of Children (HM Government 2006). In 2004 England and Wales were the first to deliver the policy frame work Every Child Matters and recognised the five outcome for children and young people. This was a response to the Laming Report (2003) and to safeguarding children (Department of health 2002). From this the Common assessment framework (CAF) was implemented and used when assessing children and familys Suffolk County Council (2012) Every Child Matters was planned to be put in place in 2008, however before it was due to be released the tragic death of baby P happened and the medias response was very critical to all the services involved in his case (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). The system had failed again baby p there had been over sixty visits with the family different health and social care professional he died after 48h of being in hospital (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). Criticism has been made regarding Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 on what should have been a positive social policy programme, is that it only relates to England. Hilton and Mills (2006) Stated that Every Child matters invades the rights of childrens privacy under article 8 of the European Convention Rights. The loss of space the officer of the Information Commissioner found that children themselves were worried about the invasion of their own privacy (Hilton and Mills 2006). While they create a way of seeing and suggest a way of acting, they also tend to create ways of not seeing, and eliminate the possibility of actions associated with alternative views of the world.(Morgan, 1986, p 202) Other criticism has been made regarding Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 on what should have been a positive social policy programme, is that it only relates to England (Hoyle 2012) All areas of the United Kingdom are committed to promoting all areas of the national frame work for young people and children. (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). There is no separate legislation for child protection but legislation covers childs welfare, including support for children in need and children in need of protection (Lindon 2008). While all parts of the United Kingdom have had some restructuring in recent years to the child protection policy, not much change has been done to the legislation. The children Acts which was put in place the 1980s and 1990s these acts are an intervention in family life to help protect children from abuse and neglect ,and the definition of significant harm and children in need theses have not been amended (Owen,2009) The 1989 Children Act still remains, but the Children act 2004has made some amendments. The Children Act 2004 is primarily about new statutory leadership roles, joint planning and commissioning of childrens services, and how organisation ensure their functions are discharged in a way which safeguards children and promotes the welfare (Owen 2009 p.17). Section eleven enforced agencies that are working with children and young people to safeguard and promote their welfare, another change was that the Child Protection Committees were replaced by Local Safeguarding Boards ((Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). In 2010 the Government- commissioned Professor Eileen Munro to evaluate the safe guarding practice one of the recommendation was to ask that the ministers establish a national chief social worker whom will advise minister and that the council should be obliged to ensure sufficient provision such as sure start and other support schemes.(Butler 2010) The report found that safeguarding had indeed become overly dependent on procedures and paperwork, with frontline professionals spending over 60% of their time in front of computer screens(Butler 2010 p4) Munro said: A one-size-fits-all approach is not the right way for child protection services to operate. Top-down government targets and too many forms and procedures are preventing professionals from being able to give children the help they need and assess whether that help has made a difference.( Munro review 2010) Some key weakness were found in with the Munro Review this was from social workers, stating that the review states what is being done but dose not offer the path to a better child protection system in the future? (Parliament 2012). In Conclusion this essay has examined an horrific news report on the sexual abuse and the death of Zuzanna Zommer and the back ground of her perpetrator it has looked at how the system failed to protect her from such an ordeal. It has also

Shatterer of Worlds

Kildare Dobbs Before that morning in 1945 only a few conventional bombs, none of which did any great damage, had fallen on the city. Fleets of U. S. bombers had, however, devastated many cities round about, and Hiroshima had begun a program of evacuation which had reduced its population from 380,000 to some 245,000. Among the evacuees were Emiko and her family. â€Å"We were moved out to Otake, a town about an hour's train-ride out of the city,† Emiko told me. She had been a fifteen-year-old student in 1945. Fragile and vivacious, versed in the gentle traditions of the tea ceremony and flower arrangement, Emiko still had an air of the frail school-child when I talked with her. Every day, she and her sister Hideko used to commute into Hiroshima to school. Hideko was thirteen. Their father was an antique dealer and he owned a house in the city, although it was empty now. Tetsuro, Emiko's thirteen-year-old brother, was at the Manchurian front with the Imperial Army. Her mother was kept busy looking after the children, for her youngest daughter Eiko was sick with heart trouble, and rations were scarce. All of them were undernourished. The night of August 5, 1945, little Eiko was dangerously ill. She was not expected to live. Everybody took turns watching by her bed, soothing her by massaging her arms and legs. Emiko retired at 8:30 (most Japanese people go to bed early) and at midnight was roused to take her turn with the sick girl. At 2 A. M. she went back to sleep. While Emiko slept, the Enola Gay, a U. S. B-29 carrying the world's first operational atom bomb, was already in the air. She had taken off from the Pacific island of Iwo Jima at 1:45 A. M. , and now Captain William Parsons, U. S. N. ordnance expert, was busy in her bomb-hold with the final assembly of Little Boy. Little Boy looked much like an outsize T. N. T. block-buster but the crew knew there was something different about him. Only Parsons and the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, knew exactly in what manner Little Boy was different. Course was set for Hiroshima. Emiko slept. On board the Enola Gay co-pilot Captain Robe rt Lewis was writing up his personal log. â€Å"After leaving Iwo,† he recorded, â€Å"we began to pick up some low stratus and before very long we were flying on top of an undercast. Outside of a thin, high cirrus and the low stuff, it's a very beautiful day. † Emiko and Hideko were up at six in the morning. They dressed in the uniform of their women's college-white blouse, quilted hat, and black skirt-breakfasted and packed their aluminum lunch-boxes with white rice and eggs. These they stuffed into their shoulder bags as they hurried for the seven-o'clock train to Hiroshima. Today there would be no classes. Along with many women's groups, high school students, and others, the sisters were going to work on demolition. You can read also  Similarities and Conflicts in † a Streetcar Named Desire† The city had begun a project of clearance to make fire-breaks in its downtown huddle of wood and paper buildings. It was a lovely morning. While the two young girls were at breakfast, Captain Lewis, over the Pacific, had made an entry in his log. â€Å"We are loaded. The bomb is now alive, and it's a funny feeling 1 From Reading the Time (1968). knowing it's right in back of you. Knock wood! † In the train Hideko suddenly said she was hungry. She wanted to eat her lunch. Emiko dissuaded her: she'd be much hungrier later on. The two sisters argued, but Hideko at last agreed to keep her lunch till later. They decided to meet at the main station that afternoon and catch the five-o'clock train home. By now they had arrived at the first of Hiroshima's three stations. This was where Hideko got off, for she was to work in a different area from her sister. â€Å"Sayonara! † she called. â€Å"Goodbye. † Emiko never saw her again. There had been an air-raid at 7 A. M. , but before Emiko arrived at Hiroshima's main station, two stops farther on, the sirens had sounded the all clear. Just after eight, Emiko stepped off the train, walked through the station, and waited in the morning sunshine for her streetcar. At about the same moment Lewis was writing in his log. â€Å"There'll be a short intermission while we bomb our target. † It was hot in the sun; Emiko saw a class-mate and greeted her. Together they moved hack into the shade of a high concrete wall to chat. Emiko looked tip at the sky and saw, far up in the cloudless blue, a single B-29. It was exactly 8:10 A. M. The other people waiting for the streetcar saw it too and began to discuss it anxiously. Emiko felt scared. She felt that at all costs she must go on talking to her friend. Just as she was thinking this, there was a tremendous greenish-white flash in the sky. It was far brighter than the sun. Emiko afterwards remembered vaguely that there was a roaring or a rushing sound as well, but she was not sure, for just at that moment she lost consciousness. â€Å"About 15 seconds after the flash,† noted Lewis, 30,000 feet high and several miles away, â€Å"there were two very distinct slaps on the ship from the blast and the shock wave. That was all the physical effect we felt. We turned the ship so that we could observe the results. † When Emiko came to, she was lying on her face about forty feet away from where she had been standing. She was not aware of any pain. Her first thought was: â€Å"I'm alive! † She lifted her head slowly and looked about her. It was growing dark. The air was seething with dust and black smoke. There was a smell of burning. Emiko felt something trickle into her eyes, tested it in her mouth. Gingerly she put a hand to her head, then looked at it. She saw with a shock that it was covered with blood. She did not give a thought to Hideko. It did not occur to her that her sister who was in another part of the city could possibly have been in danger. Like most of the survivors, Emiko assumed she had been close to a direct hit by a conventional bomb. She thought it had fallen on the post-office next to the station. With a hurt child's panic, Emiko, streaming with blood from gashes in her scalp, ran blindly in search of her mother and father. The people standing in front of the station had been burned to death instantly (a shadow had saved Emiko from the flash). The people inside the station had been crushed by falling masonry. Emiko heard their faint cries, saw hands scrabbling weakly from under the collapsed platform. All around her the maimed survivors were running and stumbling away from the roaring furnace that had been a city. She ran with them toward the mountains that ring the landward side of Hiroshima. From the Enola Gay, the strangers from North America looked down at their handiwork. â€Å"There, in front of our eyes,† wrote Lewis, â€Å"was without a doubt the greatest explosion man had ever witnessed. The city was nine-tenths covered with smoke of a boiling nature, which seemed to indicate buildings blowing up, and a large white cloud which in less than three minutes reached 30,000 feet, then went to at least 50,000 feet. Far below, on the edge of this cauldron of smoke, at a distance of some 2,500 yards from the blast's epicenter, Emiko ran with the rest of the living. Some who could not run limped or dragged themselves along. Others were carried. Many, hideously burned, were screaming with pain; when they tripped they lay where they had fallen. There was a man whose face had been ripped open from mouth to ear, another whose forehead was a gaping wound. A young soldier was running with a foot-long splinter of bamboo protruding from one eye. But these, like Emiko, were the lightly wounded. Some of the burned people had been literally roasted. Skin hung from their flesh like sodden tissue paper. They did not bleed but plasma dripped from their seared limbs. The Enola Gay, mission completed, was returning to base. Lewis sought words to express his feelings, the feelings of all the crew. â€Å"I might say,† he wrote, â€Å"I might say `My God! What have we done? ‘† Emiko ran. When she had reached the safety of the mountain she remembered that she still had her shoulder bag. There was a small first-aid kit in it and she applied ointment to her wounds and to a small cut in her left hand. She bandaged her head. Emiko looked back at the city. It was a lake of fire. All around her the burned fugitives cried out in pain. Some were scorched on one side only. Others, naked and flayed, were burned all over. They were too many to help and most of them were dying. Emiko followed the walking wounded along a back road, still delirious, expecting suddenly to meet her father and mother. The thousands dying by the roadside called feebly for help or water. Some of the more lightly injured were already walking in the other direction, back towards the flames. Others, with hardly any visible wounds, stopped, turned ashy pale, and died within minutes. No one knew then that they were victims of radiation. Emiko reached the suburb of Nakayama. Far off in the Enola Gay, Lewis, who had seen none of this, had been writing, â€Å"If I live a hundred years, I'll never get those few minutes out of my mind. Looking at Captain Parsons, why he is as confounded as the rest, and he is supposed to have known everything and expected this to happen At Nakayama, Emiko stood in line at a depot where rice-balls were being distributed. Though it distressed her that the badly maimed could hardly feed themselves, the child found she was hungry. It was about 6 P. M. now. A little farther on, at Gion, a farmer called her by name. She did not recognize him, but it seemed he came monthly to her home to collect manure. The farmer took Emiko by the hand, led her to his own house, where his wife bathed her and fed her a meal of white rice. Then the child continued on her way. She passed another town where there were hundreds of injured. The dead were being hauled away in trucks. Among the injured a woman of about fortyfive was waving frantically and muttering to herself. Emiko brought this woman a little water in a pumpkin leaf. She felt guilty about it; the schoolgirls had been warned not to give water to the seriously wounded. Emiko comforted herself with the thought that the woman would die soon anyway. At Koi, she found standing-room in a train. It was heading for Otake with a full load of wounded. Many were put off at Ono, where there was a hospital; and two hours later the train rolled into Otake station. It was around 10 P. M. A great crowd had gathered to look for their relations. It was a nightmare, Emiko remembered years afterwards; people were calling their dear kinfolk by name, searching frantically. It was necessary to call them by name, since most were so disfigured as to be unrecognizable. Doctors in the town council offices stitched Emiko's head-wounds. The place was crowded with casualties lying on the floor. Many died as Emiko watched. The town council authorities made a strange announcement. They said a new and mysterious kind of bomb had fallen in Hiroshima. People were advised to stay away from the ruins. Home at midnight, Emiko found her parents so happy to see her that they could not even cry. They could only give thanks that she was safe. Then they asked, â€Å"Where is your sister? † For ten long days, while Emiko walked daily one and a half miles to have her wounds dressed with fresh gauze, her father searched the rubble of Hiroshima for his lost child. He could not have hoped to find her alive. All, as far as the eye could see, was a desolation of charred ashes and wreckage, relieved only by a few jagged ruins and by the seven estuarial rivers that flowed through the waste delta. The banks of these rivers were covered with the dead and in the rising tidal waters floated thousands of corpses. On one broad street in the Hakushima district the crowds who had been thronging there were all naked and scorched cadavers. Of thousands of others there was no trace at all. A fire several times hotter than the surface of the sun had turned them instantly to vapor. On August 11 came the news that Nagasaki had suffered the same fate as Hiroshima; it was whispered that Japan had attacked the United States mainland with similar mysterious weapons. With the lavish circumstantiality of rumor, it was said that two out of a fleet of six-engined trans-Pacific bombers had failed to return. But on August 15, speaking for the first time over the radio to his people, the Emperor Hirohito announced his country's surrender. Emiko heard him. No more bombs! she thought. No more fear! The family did not learn till June the following year that this very day young Tetsuro had been killed in action in Manchuria. Emiko's wounds healed slowly. In mid-September they had closed with a thin layer of pinkish skin. There had been a shortage of antiseptics and Emiko was happy to be getting well. Her satisfaction was short-lived. Mysteriously she came down with diarrhea and high fever. The fever continued for a month. Then one day she started to bleed from the gums, her mouth and throat became acutely inflamed, and her hair started to fall out. Through her delirium the child heard the doctors whisper by her pillow that she could not live. By now the doctors must have known that ionizing radiation caused such destruction of the blood's white cells that victims were left with little or no resistance against infection. Yet Emiko recovered. The wound on her hand, however, was particularly troublesome and did not heal for a long time. As she got better, Emiko began to acquire some notion of the fearful scale of the disaster. Few of her friends and acquaintances were still alive. But no one knew precisely how many had died in Hiroshima. To this day the claims of various agencies conflict. According to General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters, there were 78,150 dead and 13,083 missing. 2 The United States Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission claims there were 79,000 dead. Both sets of figures are probably far too low. There's reason to believe that at the time of the surrender Japanese authorities lied about the number of survivors, exaggerating it to get extra medical supplies. The Japanese welfare ministry's figures of 260,000 dead and 163,263 missing may well be too high. But the very order of such discrepancies speaks volumes about the scale of the catastrophe. The dead were literally uncountable. This appalling toll of human life had been exacted from a city that had been prepared for air attack in a state of full wartime readiness. All civil defense services had been overwhelmed from the first moment and it was many hours before any sort of organized rescue and relief could be put into effect. It's true that single raids using so-called conventional weapons on other cities such as Tokyo and Dresden inflicted far greater casualties. And that it could not matter much to a victim whether he was burnt alive by a firestorm caused by phosphorus, or by napalm or by nuclear fission. Yet in the whole of human history so savage a massacre had never before been inflicted with a single blow. And modern thermonuclear weapons are upwards of 1,000 times more powerful and deadly than the Hiroshima bomb. The white scar I saw on Emiko's small, fine-boned hand was a tiny metaphor, a faint but eloquent reminder of the scar on humanity's conscience.